Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Differential Treatment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Differential Treatment - Assignment Example One major way racial profiling prevail is during traffic stops and searches. In an argument by Pickerill, Mosher & Pratt (2009) racial and ethnic minority groups are stopped by traffic police more than other social groups. In instances where they are stopped, a police is likely to insist on searching the vehicle regardless of the safety of the situation (Pickerill, Mosher & Pratt, 2009). In addition, minority groups have the greatest number of traffic offenders. Pickerill, Mosher & Pratt (2009) assert that a person from a minority group is likely to serve a sentence of be fined for a criminal offence more than a person from a majority group. Frieburger, Marcum & Pierce (2010) point out that pretrial decisions in the justice systems are significantly influenced by differential treatment. The authors further point out that an African American is very unlikely to be favored for release by the pretrial judge (Frieburger, Marcum & Pierce, 2010). The setting of the bail for minority groups is significantly high thus minimizing their chances of being released. Most judges seem to conclude that a person from a minority group is guilty even before their trial. For people from majority groups, pretrial is more lenient and they are only considered as convicts after their trial (Frieburger, Marcum & Pierce, 2010). Over the years, guilty sentences have been passed on African Americans and Hispanics than any other social group (Hurwitz & Peffley, 2010). On some occasions, the sentencing may be just, but the trend creates an assumption that the influence of race is still significant in the justice system (Kamalu, Coulson-Clark & Kamalu, 2010). Members of the jury and the judge always have the misconception that a person from a minority group are guilty when presented for a legal process. To justify the argument, Ward, Farrell & Rousseau (2009) point out that increased representation of minority groups in the justice system

Monday, October 28, 2019

Brazil and United States Healthcare Essay Example for Free

Brazil and United States Healthcare Essay Abstract The topic of health care has become the most pressing and ongoing debates for not only the United States but also many other nations around the world. Many countries have implemented a universal health coverage for years with effective results. While the United States steps into a immature national health care program, the government can observe Brazil’s health care system to learn valuable lessons. The type of health care system a country chooses has a major effect on the country’s health care professionals. While comparing the health care professionals of the United States and Brazil, many similarities can be seen; however, the United States can learn many lessons from Brazil. A Comparative Analysis of Health Care Professionals in Brazil to Those in the United States The latest topic in the United States today, is the subject of healthcare reform in the United States. With the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) upheld by the Supreme Court in 2012, Americans everywhere have formed an opinion about the new national health care system—most opinions viewing the national system as negative. However, several developed nations similar to the United States have partaken in a national health care system for years. The large nation of Brazil has utilized a national health system since 1923, and has seen both positives and negatives. Many Americans see the supply and demand of health care professionals as a potential threat to the future of the ACA and the United States as a whole—a definite issue that has affected Brazil. In Brazil, health care is viewed as a constitutional right being offered by private and government organizations and is an obligation of the state. Through the Unified Health System (SUS), public health care is universal and provided free of charge to all Brazilian permanent residents. In addition to the United Health System, Brazilians also have private based health insurance coverage which the wealthier population can usually purchase, and Brazilians can be offered health  coverage by their respective employers if available. As of 2003, 174.6 million Brazilian residents receiving benefits from the SUS were documented. Of the 174.6 million, 475,699 healthcare professionals existed within Brazilian health care. In 2012, the total percentage of GDP spent on health expenditure in Brazil was at a four-year high of 9.3%. However, Brazil’s health expenditure is far lower than the United States health expenditure that spent a total of 17.9% in 2012. In Brazil the average life expectancy has been on the rise since 2000. In 2010, average Brazilian life expectancy was reported at 73.5 years with a life expectancy for men at 69.7 and for women at 77.3. The infant mortality rate in Brazil has been decreasing over the years, but is still considered high for a developed nation. Maternal mortality rate in Brazil is also decreasing in years and would be considered average compared to other countries. In an attempt to improve the national health care system in Brazil, the Brazilian government established the â€Å"Mais Medicos† program, or more doctors program, in 2013. The project was aimed to create close to 1,000 jobs for physicians to tend to patients in the 22 states that have fewer doctors than the national average—most of the states lying in the Northern region of the nation. In addition to their salaries, doctors are provided financial aid to cover housing and sustenance per municipalities of the government. The program will employ physicians temporarily while the Brazilian government looks to increase attendance to Brazilian medical schools over a short amount of time by offering substantial amounts of financial aid and increasing expenditures on medical school scholarships. Originally, the program was offered to Brazilian resident doctors only in an attempt to bring doctors from the more populated and urban areas to the rural and less populated areas. When few residential doctors applied, the Brazilian government extended Mais Medicos to Brazilian doctors who received their education overseas and foreign doctors. Prior to applying, it was suggested that applicants should have a general understanding of the Portuguese language in order to be accepted into the program. At the end of the application process, nearly 20,000 doctors had submitted applications with listed preferences of the cities that they wish to work in. Doctors involved in the program are required to work 40 hours a week for three years and may work no longer than 6 years in the program. The physicians accepted into the Mais Medicos program receive 10,000 Brazilian  Reals (an equivalent to $4,501 US dollars) per month to spend on housing and necessities. During 2013, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff imported nearly 11,000 Cuban physicians to serve in the program. Cuban physicians were to serve similar hours, but their salaries would be sent to the Cuban government who would distribute 40%-50% of the earnings to the physicians working in Brazil. This exchange has been an ongoing debate between the medical community of Brazil and its government. The benefits listed above are considered to be beneficial to physicians. The life expectancy, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality rate are all at a good standing compared to recent generations in Brazil; therefore, the physicians having these characteristics as a resume topic shows that they were a part of a â€Å"change† in Brazil. Although the Mais Medicos program seems to have some flaws and a definite group that disapproves of it, it also is seen by many to do well for the health care system in Brazil and has many supporters. The common problem in Brazil for health care professionals seems to be a lack of distribution of doctors into the more rural areas of the country. On average in Brazil, there are only 2 hospital beds per 1,000 people. In the northern regions of Brazil, where more rural areas are found, the amount of hospitals per resident is lower than the average. Much like in the United States, doctors are very reluctant to the thought of beginning a practice in a small rural town. Reasons being that small rural towns are usual ly less populated and on average bring in less household income. In Brazil, the idea of practicing medicine in these depressed areas is even less glamorous because of the government involvement in health care. In these areas, practices receive less attention including lack of supplies and infrastructure. Physicians located within wealthier and more populous areas have slightly better access to equipment and infrastructure, but the conditions differ only slightly. Doctors are extremely rushed with a constant overflow of patients and consistently working in hot rooms with little air circulation. This is problem does not only exist in the public clinics of general physicians. Specialist physicians have a persistent flood of patients who do not need a specialist’s care, but seek the specialist because there is no general physician available. Another challenge that Brazil’s physicians face is the complete absence of electronic health records (EHRs). Although electronic health records can be difficult and  costly to implement, the benefits of them to a health system that lacks infrastructure can be monumental. EHRs improve quality, convenience, care coordination, practice efficiencies, and cost efficiencies. Implementing electronic health records would improve the quality of Brazil’s physicians work environment. The last challenge Brazil physicians face is the existence of corruption within the system. One example includes Brazil’s wealthier population paying physicians under the table to treat them before others. While some patients are in dire need of an operation or treatment, a wealthier patient has the opportunity to offer the physician an amount of money that will sway the physician to treat their situation before others—even though the others have been waiting an extended amount of time. Unfortunately, these types of situations are not illegal in Brazil; therefore, it happens frequently. In the United States, health care has only recently been provided as â€Å"universal coverage†. It is an ongoing debate to whether health care in America is a right or a privilege. The United States has always offered free health coverage to the elderly and the poor—paid for by taxpayers. In 2010, Medicare and Medicaid covered at least 112,979,783. In addition to Medicare and Medicaid, most of the American population has chosen to receive employer-based health coverage. The number of Americans with employer-based health coverage, however, has been declining since the discussion of the Affordable Care Act. Since the Affordable Care Act has come about, over 8 million people have signed up for coverage with 87% of the newly insured being previously uninsured. In 2012, the World Bank reported that there were 2.5 physicians per 1,000 people. In 2012, the total percentage of GDP spent on health expenditure in the United States was at a 17.9%. This total is far greater than the amount of GDP spent on health expenditure in Brazil. In the United States the average life expectancy has steadily increased over generations. The life expectancy reported in 2012 was 78.7 years. Although it would normally be a slight age difference, it is an incredible gap for life expectancy with Brazil at 73.5. The infant mortality rate in the United States has been steady over recent years at 6 deaths per 1,000 births. Maternal mortality rate is significantly lower in the U.S. than Brazil with Brazil at 69 deaths per 100,000 births and the United States at 28 deaths per 100,000 births. Overall, physicians  working in the United States would have a greater professional advantage over those who practice in Brazil. Not only does the United States report superior statistics for life expectancy, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality rate, but the United States is generally a wealthier nation than Brazil. Because the United States has been a democracy for over 200 years and because of their general wealth, it is likely that the United States is in a better position to take over a health care system plan like Brazil’s. Much like Brazil, the United States new ACA health care plan has cut the uninsured rate in half and will continue decreasing the number of uninsured over the next several years. In regards to the corruption that Brazil faces on a daily basis with the wealthy paying physicians under the table, the United States cannot completely rule out the possibilities of that happening within the new health care system. However, regulations and laws have been established to prevent such situations. While there are many benefits to becoming a healthcare professional in the United States, there are also some challenges. One of the greatest challenges that physicians in the United States will face under the ACA is the growing number of patients who need to be seen by a doctor. New patients will flood waiting rooms with problems that may be preexisting with no prior treatment. However, doctors may not mind seeing more patients per day, because the amount of insurance reimbursement doctors receive will continue to decline. This is because the Affordable Care Act not only set out to achieve health care for more Americans, but it also set out to decrease overall health care costs. With the discussion of the ACA causing insurance reimbursement shrinkage and higher insurance premiums, it will become more costly to run a private practice. Overall, both the United States and Brazil’s health care system have their advantages and disadvantages. While American physicians are struggling with shrinking reimbursements and a surplus of patients, Brazilian physicians are struggling with a lack of equipment and supplies and are challenged by corruption regularly. While it seems that the United States is leaning towards a similar health care system to Brazil’s United Health System, Americans can correct the mistakes made by Brazil in regards to the treatment and use of its health care professionals. References The Affordable Care Act: A Quick Guide for  Physicians. (n.d.). National Physicians Alliance. Retrieved July 9, 2014, from http://npalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/NPA-ACA.Quick_.Guide_.for_.Physicians.041311.p Bevins, V. (2014, January 6). Brazils president imports Cuban doctors to ease shortage. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 12, 2014, from http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-ff-brazil-doctors-20140106-story.html#page=1 Elias, Paulo Eduardo M., and Amelia Cohn. Health Reform in Brazil: Lessons to Consider. PubMed Central. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 July 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles Flying in doctors. (2013, August 31). The Economist. Retrieved July 8, 2014, from http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21584349-government-imports-foreigners-reach-parts-locals-dont-want-flying-doctors Kane, J. (2012, October 22). Health Costs: How the U.S. Compares With Other Countries. PBS. Retrieved July 9, 2014, from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/health-costs-how-the-us-compares-with-other-countries/ LoGiurato, B. (2014, May 1). Heres How Many People Actually Gained Insurance Because Of Obamacare. Business Insider. Retrieved July 12, 2014, from http://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-people-signed-up-for-obamacare-2014- Squires, D. A. (2012, May 1). The mission of The Commonwealth Fund is to promote a high performance health care system. The Fund carries out this mandate by supporting independent research on health care issues and making grants to improve health care practice and policy. Support for . Issues in International Health Policy. Retrieved July 10, 2014, from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/medi The World Bank. (n.d.). The World Bank. Retrieved July 12, 2014, from http://data.worldbank.org

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Techniques Bronte Uses to Evoke Sympathy from the Reader in Jane Eyre E

Techniques Bronte Uses to Evoke Sympathy from the Reader in Jane Eyre The essay looks at ways and especially the people that evoke sympathy for the reader in Jane Eyre’s younger life. Bronte uses many ways to provoke the reader’s empathy and compassion. People and techniques used to do this, are shown in the following. Sympathy is evoked in the reader through Mrs Reed. Although we are given no details on Jane’s childhood before she comes into Mrs Reeds care, we may presume it was a happy one. The contrast is shown when Mrs Reed kept and held Jane separately from her own children. Jane knows that â€Å"She (Mrs Reed) regretted to be under the necessity of keeping me at a distance†. Also â€Å"She must exclude me from privileges intended only for contented, happy little children†. Jane is trying to empathise with Mrs Reed and understands that she does not belong with the family, and therefore feels lost and unhappy. Many adults in the novel dislike Jane because she is an outspoken individual. She is a non-conformist and goes against the grain of the typical female child of her time. She was told to do as she was told and not to think for herself. Today she would be more accepted by having her own views. She is told that â€Å"There is something truly forbidding in a child taking her elders in that manner, be seated and until you can speak pleasantly remain silent. Jane hides and reads behind some curtains to escape what she perceives as her captors. Her favourite book is Bewicks History of British Birds. She dreams she is visiting islands and far off shores as she travels the globe. The reader can almost visualise her journey and also longs for her freedom. As she reads it is noted that outside the weather is dull... ...l to cut her beautiful locks off, she remonstrates and passes a hanker chief over her lips as though she is trying to hide or brush away her feelings of the stupid accusations. Jane is humiliated in front of the whole school because of Mr.Brocklehurst for false accusations. Mrs.Temple later announces to the school and reassures Jane and everyone that she is a good girl and that what Brocklehurst said was not true, the reader feels vindicated for Jane. Bronte describes her characters knowingly and with insight. The reader is drawn into the sad unjust world of an orphan, especially the female orphan in Victorian England. I feel that Jane is a determined young woman someone who I would like to become friends with, not because we would have much in common but that her life philosophies are wise and she is the product of a well experienced short life time.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Comparing Anzia Yezierskas Bread Givers and Soap and Water Essay

Anzia Yezierska's Bread Givers and Soap and Water       In Anzia Yezierska's works Bread Givers and "Soap and Water", she uses similar aspects of the characters that portray her own life. Both of the stories resemble similarities of Yezierska's life and appear to be autobiographical to her personal experiences. The author portrays, in both the stories, a belief that the majority culture is "clean" while the minority culture is dirty. Sarah in Bread Givers and the narrator in "Soap and Water" each have a hunger that drive them in different directions: actual hunger for food, progress into society and a hunger for knowledge. The ladies in both of the stories share similar desires: to become a teacher, go to college, and feed a constant hunger. Though the stories are alike they differ in some areas: outcomes of college life, self -portrayal and chances of getting started in the professional world.    Yezierska's work appears to reflect her own lifestyle. In fact, since the use of the first person narration many think that her work his autobiographical. Most of her works portray the Immigrant woman is in pursuit of the American dream (Drucker 1-3).   Like the Characters in Yezierska's stories Bread Givers and "Soap and Water", Yezierska had the same goals and accomplishments and came from a similar background: going to college, becoming a teacher, working in the laundry business and being raised in poverty. Although the stories resemble Yezierska's life, they are not, according to her daughter, completely accountable. According to Henriksen's "A Writers Life", he claims Yezierska's daughter warns against the accuracy of her mother's writing. "Although most of her writing was autobiographical, she was inc... ...ctions: actual hunger for food, progress into society and a hunger for knowledge. The hunger is what leads them to their ultimate goal.    Works Cited Druker, Sally. Homepage. 15 April 2014.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.georgetown.edu/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/yezierska.html Ebest, Ron. "Anzia Yezierska and the Popular Periodical Debate Over the Jews." Melus. Spring 2000 http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2278/1_25/63323838/p1/article.jhtml?term=Anzia+and%20the+the+popular+periodical+debate Prentice-Hall. Homepage. 14 April 2014. http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/keating/chapter6/custom17/deluxe-content.html Yezierska, Anzia. Bread Givers. New York: Persea Books, 1925. ---. "Soap and Water." Imagining America: Stories from the Promised Land. Ed. Wesley Brown and Amy Ling. New York: Persea Books, 1991. 105-110.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Baroque Architecture

Baroque Architecture Works of famous architects and sculptors What is Baroque Architecture? A Style originating in late 16th Century Italy Consists of complex Architectural plan shapes, often based on the oval. Dynamic opposition and inter penetration of spaces were favored to highlighted the feeling of motion and sensuality. Other characteristic qualities include:- Grandeur – Drama and Contrast – Courageousness – Twisting elements – Gilded statuary He was the son of a stonemason and began his career as a stonemason himself. He soon went dominant study and practice his craft.He moved torment 1619 and started working for Carlo Modern, Bromine's real name was Francesco Castillo. Once he had become established in Rome, he changed his name from Castles' to Bromine, He worked within Lorenz Bernardino the design of the fundamentalist's. Peter Basilica , the two later became bitter rivals. Francesco Borrowings the master of curved-wall architecture. He was influe nced by the architecture of Michelangelo and the ruins of Antiquity. His architecture employs manipulations of Classical architectural forms, geometrical sensational with symbolic meanings behind his buildings. Ђ Classical architectural forms, geometrical rationales in his plans and symbolic meanings in his buildings. Famous works of Bromine Architecture San Cairo alley Squatter Fontanne Sandal's all Seaplane, 1660 Colleges did Propaganda Fide Santiago SE in Agony The Sandal's all Oratory Sapience and Palazzo die Filipino Assonant area dell Fretter Barbering San Carlo alley Equator Fontanne Falconer Spade San Giovanni in Lateran San Cairo alley Squatter Fontanne Bromine's first independent commission This tiny church, along with its Rudyard, is one of the most important monuments of the baroque style in Rome.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on Ascroft V. ACLU

The proliferation of the Internet has created a new arena for the government to regulate. Passed in 1998, The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was intended to keep minors from accessing harmful material on the World Wide Web. COPA relies on community standards to identify material to be banned from the Web. In John Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU contended that COPA is in violation of the First Amendment because it prevents adults from accessing material that they have a constitutional right to view. Lower courts agreed, including the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which found fault with the community standards provision. The court maintained that the very nature of the Internet makes it impossible to restrict access to a site based on geographic location of the user. In a reversal of this view, the Supreme Court ruled with a majority of eight to one that COPA’s reliance on community standards to judge obscenity harmful to children do es not violate the First Amendment. Writing the majority opinion in this case was Justice Clarence Thomas. He defended Congress’s attempt to tone down the Communications Decency Act, which was declared unconstitutional in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union. While the CDA covered all aspects of the Internet including email, COPA applies only to material on the World Wide Web made â€Å"for commercial purposes.† Also, COPA only restricts â€Å"material that is harmful to minors† unlike the CDA, which covered the broader realm of all â€Å"indecent and patently offensive communications.† This opinion of the court asserted that COPA, by defining material harmful to minors in a parallel fashion to the court’s definition of obscenity, would not restrict the wide range material Web in the way the Communications Decency Act had. In drawing up COPA, Congress used Miller v. California as a basis to define material harmful to minor as: Any communication, picture, ... Free Essays on Ascroft V. ACLU Free Essays on Ascroft V. ACLU The proliferation of the Internet has created a new arena for the government to regulate. Passed in 1998, The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was intended to keep minors from accessing harmful material on the World Wide Web. COPA relies on community standards to identify material to be banned from the Web. In John Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU contended that COPA is in violation of the First Amendment because it prevents adults from accessing material that they have a constitutional right to view. Lower courts agreed, including the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which found fault with the community standards provision. The court maintained that the very nature of the Internet makes it impossible to restrict access to a site based on geographic location of the user. In a reversal of this view, the Supreme Court ruled with a majority of eight to one that COPA’s reliance on community standards to judge obscenity harmful to children do es not violate the First Amendment. Writing the majority opinion in this case was Justice Clarence Thomas. He defended Congress’s attempt to tone down the Communications Decency Act, which was declared unconstitutional in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union. While the CDA covered all aspects of the Internet including email, COPA applies only to material on the World Wide Web made â€Å"for commercial purposes.† Also, COPA only restricts â€Å"material that is harmful to minors† unlike the CDA, which covered the broader realm of all â€Å"indecent and patently offensive communications.† This opinion of the court asserted that COPA, by defining material harmful to minors in a parallel fashion to the court’s definition of obscenity, would not restrict the wide range material Web in the way the Communications Decency Act had. In drawing up COPA, Congress used Miller v. California as a basis to define material harmful to minor as: Any communication, picture, ...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Degree - Definition and Examples

Degree s In English grammar, degree is one of the three forms used in the comparison of adjectives and adverbs: positive (or base form) (for example, a smart dog)comparative (a smarter dog)superlative (the smartest dog) Almost all one-syllable adjectives, along with some two-syllable adjectives, add -er  to the base to form the comparative, and -est to form the superlative.  In most adjectives of two or more syllables, the comparative and superlative degrees are marked by more and most respectively. Common adjectives with irregular comparative and superlative forms include the following: good, better, bestbad, worse, worstmany, more mostlittle, less, least Etymology From the Latin de-  down   gradus  a step Examples and Observations Every day was a happy day, and every night was peaceful.(E.B. White, Charlottes Web. Harper, 1952)This was a brighter,  happier day. We were all together and we were going to stay that way. (Peter Martin,  A Dog Called Perth. Orion Books, 2001)This is the  happiest day  of my life, because today I have fallen in love.(Philippa Gregory,  The Boleyn Inheritance. Touchstone, 2006)The kids marvel at the rolling brown field, where a handful of sheep graze undisturbed by automobiles or shopping centers- a reminder of what seems a simpler,  more peaceful place  and time. (Jane Futcher,  Marin: The Place, the People. Book Sales, 1983)Im alone in the  most peaceful place  in the world. Well, maybe not the  most peaceful place, as a monastery in the Alps where the monks have all taken a vow of silence and just make cheese all day might be a smidge quieter, but still its very peaceful.(Anne Dayton  and May Vanderbilt, The Book of Jane. Thorndike, 2008)Poverty makes you  sad  as well as  wise. (Bertolt Brecht, The Threepenny Opera, 1928) My father went back to the tailoring business, a  sadder and wiser  man. No, not wiser- just sadder, for his thirteen dollars was gone forever. (Groucho Marx, Groucho and Me, 1959)  For of all  sad  words of tongue and pen,The  saddest  are these: It might have been! (John Greenleaf Whittier, Maud Muller, 1854)Imagination is  more important  than knowledge.(Albert Einstein, The Saturday Evening Post, 1929)It has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important.†(Arthur Conan Doyle, A Case of Identity) Inflections and Words In some languages, adjectives share the declensions of nouns, inflecting to show gender, number, and case. In English, however, there are only two possible inflections for adjectives, the comparative and the superlative. The adjective comparative and superlative inflections {-er} and {-est} are quite regular, but they can be added only to one- or two-syllable words in English. We have tall, taller, tallest and heavy, heavier, heaviest but not visionary, *visionarier, *visionariest. Adjectives of more than two syllables do not accept inflectional morphemes; for them, entire words, rather than morphological suffixes, are used to indicate the comparative (more visionary) and superlative (most reluctant).Note that the comparative and superlative inflections also appear on a small number of adverbs: He drove longer and faster than anyone else.(Thomas P. Klammer et al., Analyzing English Grammar, 5th ed. Pearson, 2007) Pronunciation: di-GREE

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Pollution in Dhaka City Essays

Pollution in Dhaka City Essays Pollution in Dhaka City Paper Pollution in Dhaka City Paper Essay Topic: Water pollution Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water, soil or food that can adversely affect the health, survival or activities of human or other living organisms. The effects of water pollution are far-reaching and affect not only the environment, but human beings and animals as well. The pollution in Dacha has reached alarming levels, threatening public health, ecosystems and economic growth. 2. 0 OBJECTIVE: The objective of the report is to create awareness regarding the environmental issues in Dacha. The types of pollution focused in this assignment are mainly air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. Everyday we face these pollution in the city some way or the other. The report identifies these problems and their underlying causes. Further, it addresses the major problems created in Dacha city due to pollution and its impact on our future generation. Air pollution has emerged as a serious problem in the city. Blackening of the city air and reduced visibility can be observed in some areas at times even with unaided eyes. Episodes of choking smells and irritating eyes are common. The weather of Dacha is tropical with lowest temperature varying between 54-OFF and highest between 77-BIBB. During monsoon (June-August), there is very high precipitation of rainfall being on the average greater than 30 CM per month.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

ETB Paper and Activity 3 and 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ETB Paper and Activity 3 and 4 - Essay Example 2. The profile result is a good illustration of my work-related interests. The top 3 interests show what exactly what I look for in a job. I’m habitual of focusing on doing things nicely and completely, rather than messing it up for the sake of creating something new or extraordinary. The investigative interest is also what fanaticizes me, and I would love to adopt a profession, which requires investigative and analytical tasks. Enterprising is another interest, close to my personality. It is because of my interest in drawing innovative ideas and strategies for businesses or projects and the potential of leading a group of people to a desired goal. 3. The occupational matches of my interest are of sales and marketing. I find these occupations interesting as they offer room to potential ideas and investigating public behaviour. The occupation of marketing covers all the basic interests I look for in a work or occupation. That includes a conventional working environment, where w inning the trust of customers is the key element. Moreover in the marketing field, innovation and enterprising are always valued and serve as essentials of one’s recognition and success in this occupation (Ehret and Galanakis). Activity 4: e-Learning Business Skills Demos (Being an Effective Team Member) 1. The course being selected for this activity is â€Å"Being an Effective Team Member†. This course draws a nice outline of elements required in forming a stronger and productive team. The learning environment serves as a powerful tool in understanding the benefits of working in a team and prioritizing team’s interest over self interests. Another positive feature that this course offers to its participants is the knowledge of different behaviours that commonly exists in any team and how to deal with those effectively (skill Soft). One negative feature of this learning environment is that, it does not cover the hidden problems of mistrust, free loaders and polit ical activities among team members. These are areas that affect the productivity and willingness of a person to work in a team, or to put additional efforts (skill Soft). 2. Some of the major learning outcomes of this course include motivation and zest of an every team player, to work as a unit. The course focuses on the concept that, for a team to be productive, each of its members should be motivated and feel good about the team he or she is associated with (Dettmann). To achieve this outcome, this online medium of learning can prove beneficial as it uses practical and real life scenarios, to build a sound understanding about the topic. Examples and activities for team building and working proactively, can be taught nicely in this method of learning, by providing a cluster of theories and examples (skill Soft). 3. Online learning is not a recent method of studying, but was introduced many years back. Tough we can see that the awareness about e-learning has grown substantially over the years, but still its usage is limited to a group of people. This is because its benefits and adaptability varies with the type of people and their professions (Tellefsen). A particularly essential element in e-learning is computer literacy and accessibility, and those who do not have knowledge or access to computer, cannot adopt this medium for learning. However, there are several types of people, which have switched from the conventional method of studying to

Friday, October 18, 2019

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

No topic - Essay Example They employed fire bombs since they knew that the buildings were old and constructed from wood. Churchill still wanted more civilians to be killed, and so he prepared thousands of anthrax bombs to be thrown on German cities in 1945 to kill as many Germans as was possible. The 1942 tests of anthrax on Gruinard Island shocked scientists. They realised that a mass detonation of anthrax over Germany would make the land completely unsuitable for human habitation. Consequently, Churchill changed his plan and decided using poison gas instead. Also, American generals in the field disregarded Roosevelt’s orders to  slow down  (and leave Germany to the Soviet Union), which made it difficult to use anthrax bombs (Milton, 2013). Churchill was an inspiration, and had the ability to channel his determination to the British, and strengthen their resolve through encouragement and praise. Churchill inspired not only British leaders, but British citizens as well.  Churchill’s passion also produced innovation.   He brought about the invention of the first tanks.   To break down the fastening of the â€Å"no-man’s land† of World War I, Churchill proposed that a massive tractor with resilient treads be constructed from which men could fire machine guns and throw grenades from the rear of an an armor plating.   Milton, G. (2013, September 24). Churchills Anthrax Bombshell: A top secret tale. Retrieved from War History Online:

The Great Gatsby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

The Great Gatsby - Essay Example He has moved from the Midwest, where his family is wealthy and prominent, to become a bond salesman in New York. He is the quintessential lone representative of a bucolic bourgeois patriarchy, â€Å"making his name† in an urban area. This is not to say that Nick is alone on West Egg- his second cousin, Daisy, lives nearby with her overbearing, snobbish husband, Tom. Tom, who went to Yale and has all the trappings of class, displays a vulgar sort of vacuity that is actually rather disturbing. Nick visits the couple and assays in his laid-back narrative the tense and precarious situation of the household: the hulking Tom is immersed in half-baked racist theories, and Daisy seems to float around in an ephemeral haze of blasà © affectation which briefly disperses to reveal a still center of affected innocence. Nick meets Jordan Baker, a sophisticated and attractive golf champion who is visiting the Buchanan household, and the two begin what evolves into a casual romance. There is nothing obsessive about their offhanded relationship. farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens† (Fitzgerald 27). Though many critics posit that Myrtle Wilson is a positive, down-to-earth character just because of the colors of her clothing, one could also believe that Fitzgerald intends to characterize her in terms of her class. Counterpoised against the monied world of the Buchanans and the distantly wry, self-deprecating objectivity of Carraway’s detached affluence, Myrtle seems to be a rather simplified representative of a middle-class agog with the glamour of the wealthy elite. This behavior is irritating to Tom, who in a fit of rage behaves awfully and betrays his base nature, breaking Myrtle’s Nose when she presses the issue of Daisy’s cognizance. The pathetic, servile figure of George, Myrtle’s Daisy to visit him (Nick) while Gatsby â€Å"stops by.† After the two are finally together, the complicated

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cultures - Essay Example In small settlements in particular, where traditions, customs and beliefs are more influential, death is a concept that reinforces social solidarity. Death, which is seen as a person's physical disappearance although he continues to live on in spirit, is generally a terrifying phenomenon. With the subconscious pressure created by this fear, a number of events or manifestations are interpreted as omens of impending death, including unexpected forms of behaviour, objects being used in a particular way, meteorological events (a shooting star, thunder, northeast wind, etc.), the behaviour of animals and noises made by them (the howling of dogs, the hooting of owls, a rooster crowing at the wrong time, etc.), dreams (of coffins, wedding dresses, wedding-festivities, camels, houses being demolished, falling teeth, onions, pepper etc.), as well as physiological and psychological changes (someone's growing pale, an increase or decrease in appetite, staring fixedly at one point, etc.) in the sick person. People tend to avoid events that are thought to trigger the process of death. Among the ways this is done is to slaughter the rooster that crows at an inappropriate time, giving some food that has prepared at home or bought outside to the poor if one sees a bad dream, describing that dream to water, waking up pregnant women or children if they are asleep when a dead person is taken away, emptying water cups in the home where there is a funeral, sweeping the home after the deceased has been taken away, turning cauldron in which the water used for washing the dead has been boiled upside down. In beliefs of people, among symptoms that predict death, which related with animals have been taking a great and importantplace. Some talents of animals, which are absent in human beings, their power of intuition, physical characteristics, their consideration of being fortunate or ill-omened have been playing great role in creation of such beliefs and their reaching a universal line. Basically there lays also the fear of death on the foundation ofa certain amount of beliefs which are accumulated around home, household, tool, apparatuses and food; and they have been qualified by people usually as symptoms of death. Most of these beliefs are completely different to what we in Western Cultures believe. Someone who was fairly new to the Turkish Muslim religion may consider their beliefs as rather strange, yet quite fascinating. 3 The first practices regarding sending the deceased off include washing the body and enshrouding it within fixed rules. If the deceased was a woman, she is washed by other women and by men if the dead person was male. Washers are experienced and well-versed in the rules. In villages, the body is washed inside the house or on a bench reserved for this purpose in the garden, and few people are allowed to be present. When the deceased is washed, the relatives pour a bowl of water over the body, give their consent and ask the deceased for whatever they have shared in the past. In big cities, the deceased is washed in a room reserved for this purpose in the cemetery. The piece of cloth used as a shroud is always white. The shroud for women has more parts to it than that used for men. As a female corpse is wrapped in the shroud, henna (this may also be applied to her

Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Marketing - Research Paper Example uyer, because the seller is denied an opportunity to enjoy the fruits of their labor and ideas while the consumer is deceived into purchasing products they did not intend to purchase, thinking they were the original ones. Do not harm: this means avoiding introduction of counterfeit products that can cause loss to companies that have invested their resources in producing their superior quality products and spent years on end developing their brands. Foster trust in marketing system: production of knock-off products goes against the principle of fostering trust with the competitors because it is done in bad faith and it is also against the law. This also negates trust because it entails undertaking of deceptive product design, pricing, delivery and communication (Kotler & Keller, 2009). Embrace ethical values: production of counterfeit products goes against building of relationships and enhancing consumer confidence, transparency, and respect because they are forced to purchased goods they did not intend to purchase. The gap model of service quality is a customer satisfaction framework that addresses five major gaps that organizations experience when trying to meet their customer requirements, while service quality addresses anything that makes quality of services appealing to the customers. I recently experienced organizational relationship marketing when I visited a restaurant to purchase fast foods. The restaurant attendant treated me so warmly that I felt that I should stick to that particular restaurant whenever I needed to purchase fast foods. This included use of hospitable language, high standards of catering etiquettes and other treatment that made me feel like I am a worthy or a highly valued customer (Kotler & Keller,

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cultures - Essay Example In small settlements in particular, where traditions, customs and beliefs are more influential, death is a concept that reinforces social solidarity. Death, which is seen as a person's physical disappearance although he continues to live on in spirit, is generally a terrifying phenomenon. With the subconscious pressure created by this fear, a number of events or manifestations are interpreted as omens of impending death, including unexpected forms of behaviour, objects being used in a particular way, meteorological events (a shooting star, thunder, northeast wind, etc.), the behaviour of animals and noises made by them (the howling of dogs, the hooting of owls, a rooster crowing at the wrong time, etc.), dreams (of coffins, wedding dresses, wedding-festivities, camels, houses being demolished, falling teeth, onions, pepper etc.), as well as physiological and psychological changes (someone's growing pale, an increase or decrease in appetite, staring fixedly at one point, etc.) in the sick person. People tend to avoid events that are thought to trigger the process of death. Among the ways this is done is to slaughter the rooster that crows at an inappropriate time, giving some food that has prepared at home or bought outside to the poor if one sees a bad dream, describing that dream to water, waking up pregnant women or children if they are asleep when a dead person is taken away, emptying water cups in the home where there is a funeral, sweeping the home after the deceased has been taken away, turning cauldron in which the water used for washing the dead has been boiled upside down. In beliefs of people, among symptoms that predict death, which related with animals have been taking a great and importantplace. Some talents of animals, which are absent in human beings, their power of intuition, physical characteristics, their consideration of being fortunate or ill-omened have been playing great role in creation of such beliefs and their reaching a universal line. Basically there lays also the fear of death on the foundation ofa certain amount of beliefs which are accumulated around home, household, tool, apparatuses and food; and they have been qualified by people usually as symptoms of death. Most of these beliefs are completely different to what we in Western Cultures believe. Someone who was fairly new to the Turkish Muslim religion may consider their beliefs as rather strange, yet quite fascinating. 3 The first practices regarding sending the deceased off include washing the body and enshrouding it within fixed rules. If the deceased was a woman, she is washed by other women and by men if the dead person was male. Washers are experienced and well-versed in the rules. In villages, the body is washed inside the house or on a bench reserved for this purpose in the garden, and few people are allowed to be present. When the deceased is washed, the relatives pour a bowl of water over the body, give their consent and ask the deceased for whatever they have shared in the past. In big cities, the deceased is washed in a room reserved for this purpose in the cemetery. The piece of cloth used as a shroud is always white. The shroud for women has more parts to it than that used for men. As a female corpse is wrapped in the shroud, henna (this may also be applied to her

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Ugi reaction Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ugi reaction - Thesis Example Ugi Reaction The Ugi reaction subject has gained unprecedented prominent in recent chemical literature. An explosion of interest toward the Ugi reaction is explained by the rapid development of chemical technologies and the need to solve organic chemistry challenges in a cost-efficient manner. The history of the Ugi reaction dates back to the middle of the 20th century, but it was not before the beginning of the 21st century that its value and benefits for the evolution of organic chemistry were consistently recognized. Ivar Ugi is believed to be the father of all multicomponent reactions [28]. Ugi is also considered the grandfather of the whole combinatorial chemistry [29]. Today’s chemists rely on the advantages of the Ugi reaction, to synthesize diverse collections/ libraries of biologically interesting products. This is particularly the case of the drug industry, which relies on the premise of discovery and innovations and demands fast methods of chemical analysis and synt hesis of complex molecules. The Ugi reaction is a popular object of contemporary chemical research. Dozens of studies were performed to understand the hidden benefits of the Ugi reaction and its implications for chemistry. â€Å"The Ugi reaction is the one-pot condensation of an amine, aldehyde or ketone, isocyanide, and a nucleophile to afford ?-substitute carboxamide derivatives† [17]. ... The carboxylic acid is then added together with the imino carbon; acyl transfer rearranges the resulting acylated isoamide, leading to the creation of the desired product [17]. The benefits of the Ugi reaction are numerous. The Ugi reaction is believed to be the most convenient instrument for generating diverse libraries of chemical compounds [8; 9]. That the reaction occurs at room temperature also means that the reaction is relatively simply and cost-effective: it does not require using artificial additions and can be easily held without complex temperature-regulating mechanisms [9]. The Ugi reaction is extremely advantageous for generating pharmacologically active compounds and diverse molecules [9]. For example, it was extensively used to synthesize anti-malarial agents [9]. Most, if not all, Ugi reaction products tend to precipitate in pure form [9; 15; 21]. This is extremely important for the success of other chemical processes, as long as compound mixtures obtained during the Ugi reaction do not require costly purification prior to being used in other chemical procedures [6; 27]. For example, the Ugi reaction does not require the use of costly chromatography and, consequentially, reduces the costs of the process and the final product. Eventually, almost all compounds obtained during the Ugi reaction are quantifiable [6; 38]. No information about potential drawbacks of the Ugi reaction has been available so far. The current state of literature provides extensive information about the Ugi reaction and its practical applications. This is mostly because the Ugi reaction is gradually turning into the key element of chemical research and analysis, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. More and more chemical compounds are

Technology Makes the World Smaller Essay Example for Free

Technology Makes the World Smaller Essay Technology Make the World Smaller Office 2004 Test Drive User Table of Contents Commerce 4 Dell6 Ebay 7 E-cash8 Work Cited11 Footnotes12 Technology Makes the World Smaller The international marketplace is changing very fast every day. E-commerce and E-Business is now one of the standard ways to do business. The Internet has opened up vast opportunities for business to tap into new markets all over the world. The use of the Internet removes all geographical constraints, permits the instant establishment of virtual branches throughout the world, and allows direct and immediate foreign market entry to the smallest of businesses to the biggest. As the economy is becoming more global in nature, companies are handling more business on an international level. When comparing traditional business to e-business, one can see several differences between the two. The most obvious difference when buying standard goods such as a computer or Clothes is the store. When dealing with e-business there is no real store or merchandise to look at. It is all presented through the merchants webpage, or by other electronic means. You will not be able to touch, or feel potential purchases. All you will have to go on is perhaps a picture and a brief description of the item on your computer screen. This is obviously a big change from traditional store where you can walk in physically touch what you plan to purchase. There are several reasons why e-business is appealing to a lot of people. E-business is based on the internet. If you are using the internet, you are not bound by geography. You can access any site, anywhere in the world from the comfort of your own chair. Now the consumer has access to several things they didnt before. Same goes for any type of business on the Web. The consumer and different business now has variety. With the entire internet at your fingers, in a matter of minutes you can browse several stores in several parts of the world without even leaving the comfort of your own home. This allows you to compare prices and products off of different site. With e-business you are not restricted to the prices and products of your local stores. You can easily choose the best price or the best product. You have probably read all of the news stories about the shift to e-commerce and the hype that has developed around e-commerce companies. And you may have actually purchased something on the web, so you have direct personal experience with e-commerce. Still, you may feel like you dont understand e-commerce at all so lets start with the basics. Commerce Before we get into a complete discussion of e-commerce, it is helpful to have a good mental image of plain old commerce first. If you understand commerce, then e-commerce is an easy extension. Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary defines commerce as follows: com. merce n [MF, fr. L commercium, fr. com- + merc-, merx merchandise] (1537) 1: social intercourse: interchange of ideas, opinions, or sentiments 2: the exchange or buying and selling of commodities on a large scale involving transportation from place to place 3: sexual intercourse So commerce is, quite simply, the exchange of goods and services, usually for money. You can see that at this high level, commerce is a fairly simple concept. Whether it is something as simple as a person making and selling hotdogs on a street corner or as complex as a Doctor performing heart surgery, all of commerce at its simplest level relies on buyers, sellers and producers. So electronic commerce is just exchange of money for goods and services via electronic means. In other words, electronic commerce is usually when you purchase something off of the Internet. It is often referred to as e-commerce, or e-business. The Internet has revolutionized the businesses of today. Instead of having physical stores, companies can sell their products right off of the Web. To understand it a bit, lets take a look at one of the most successful e-commerce companies Dell. Dell Dell provides a range of technology products, including mobility products, desktop personal computers, software and peripherals, servers and networking, and storage products. Co. s services offerings include infrastructure technology, consulting and applications, and business process services. Co. also provides a range of financing alternatives, asset management services, and other customer financial services for business and consumer customers. Co. s customers include corporate, government, healthcare, and education accounts. Co. conducts its businesses through four reportable segments: Large Enterprise; Public; Small and Medium Business; and Consumer. Dell is a straightforward company that, like Gateway 2000, and a host of others, sells custom configured PCs to consumers and businesses around the world. Dell started as a mail order company that advertised in the back of magazines and sold their computers over the phone. Like the book Direct from Dell explains â€Å"Dells WebPages have enabled Dell computers to reduce their expenditures and become much more efficient in their production and distribution of their computers. Dells success at using the built to order system and internet has enabled them to become a much more efficient manufacturer of computers allowing Dell to maximize profits. Dells e-commerce presence is widely publicized these days because Dell is able to sell so much merchandise over the web. Dell currently sells something like $14,000,000 in equipment every day. 25% of Dells sales is over the web. Simplified e-commerce is what most small businesses and individuals are using to get into e-commerce. In this option the vendor provides a simplified system for creating your store. The system usually involves a set of forms that you fill out online. The vendors software then generates all of the web pages for the store for you. One good examples of this sort of offering is the website â€Å"Ebay†. EBAY Technology has allowed us to form international community with consumers. Not many company’s have done this as well as Ebay who was one of the first but more are popping up such as Amazon. There are very few companies in the world that are as recognizable as eBay. It is the online auction site and stands as one of the top online retailing stores in the world today. Hundreds of millions of people buy and sell merchandise through the eBay website. Few websites, if any, can drive the amount of traffic that eBay gets on an average day. What is more, virtually all of the people visiting eBay intend either to buy or sell goods and they can be neighbors or on opposites sides of the world. Because of this it is the perfect place on the internet to acquire or dispose of merchandise. The ability to display a products or services, and the ability to extend your business hours to 24-7 without a physical presence, and to update information which is seen by the world, immediately is very powerful in reaching global markets. Businesses can now use website like ebay and the internet breaks down logistical barriers, offering greater flexibility and power in the way they do business. It shrinks time and distance, simplifies complex business processes. E-cash Our textbook states that the biggest impact that will effect international business and global customers is E-retailing and financial services. They say the day is just around the corner where we will have â€Å"E-cash† which stands for electronic cash. With the example of prepaid smart cards we can see it’s not to far behind. Today you can buy one of these cards and use them for public calls and transportation and replacing cash. Once we see this type of payment option show up on the internet it will result in global digital cash and customers and business will be able to work on a 24-hr basis. Electronic cash systems offer vast opportunities for the consumer and business. In business transactions, electronic cash allows businesses to verify cash transactions instantly and to covert from one currency to another. This will be a big break through e-cash will be a currency without a country. In consumer to business transactions, it is easier for the customer because there is no need to carry physical currency, and transactions can be made over the internet instantly. EBay creates value by providing a very simple service. It brings people together. To the uninitiated, this may not seem like much. And yet, it is the foundation of a multibillion-dollar, multinational business empire that exerts an influence over the lives of millions of people. An advantage of any new technology as well as the internet is that it amplifies human potential. When electricity, the telephone, the automobile, and the airplane were invented they made the world more accessible to more people. Bussiness and people could now reech further distances. The internet can have the same revolutionary impact individuals and businesses can overcome geographical, cultural and logistical barriers and improve the way they live and work instantly. Because it amplifies our potential in so many ways, its possible that the long-term impact of the Internet could equal that of electricity, the automobile and the telephone. Disadvantages of the new technology and the internets is that it can make work portable. This will allow company’s to contract work overseas to save of coast. Resulting in people loosing jobs to low paid workers in other countries. In Conclusion the development of technology has greatly benefited mostly developed countries in which they were first launched, but because of the internet many other undeveloped countries are not to far behind. The power of the internet has now allowed for people to communicate regardless of where they are in the world weather it is your neighbor living twenty feet away, or some person totally across the world. Work cited Dell, Michael, Catherine Fredman, , and . Direct from Dell. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1999. Print. Dell Inc.. Mergent Online. Mergent, 2005. Web. 15 Jun 2010. . Hodgetts, Richard, Fred Luthans, and Jonathan Doh. International Management. 6th. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2006. 46-48. Print. Footnotes

Monday, October 14, 2019

Somaliland: A Successful State

Somaliland: A Successful State Somalia is considered to be one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa, yet are plagued with conflict. All Somalis share a common language, a pastoral economy, a religious faith which is Sunni Islam. In addition to this Somalia is a clan-based society which has a deep root in the countrys politics. Before colonialism, Somalias political system was clan-based were tribal sheikdoms was considered to be the form of rulership. Furthermore, power was scattered, meaning tribal leaders had a very difficult time control large regions. Thus, centralization or perhaps a unification under one leader was difficult if not unlikely(Kibble, 2001)[1]. Somalia was colonized by the British and Italians who used a combination of direct rule with a laissez faire approach further out in the periphery (Kibble, 2001)[2]. There are six major clans in Somalia; which are patrilineal; Issaq, Dir, Darood, Hawiye, Rahanweyne. These tribes are interlinked in all social political and financial domains (Kibble 2001 )[3]. Thus,Kinship-based social structure determine entitlement to resources, divisions of labour and authority, but also contracts (xeer) between and among clans. (Kibble 2001)[4]. Furthermore, decision making is conducted by male clan leaders based on consensus. Now, colonialism created boundaries in Somalia and has effected delicate clan relations and power distribution. In terms of Somaliland, the British ultimate goal wasto secure a steady delivery of livestock to their much more important colony of Aden, which controlled approaches to the Suez Canal (Kibble 2001)[5]. Between the years 1969-1991 this regime was a result of a military coup which was later legitimized by their aim to end corruption strong and develop a Greater Somalia. This time a National Security Court was established to enforce Public order but later replaced the Independent judiciary. This lead to the eventual descent of the somali state towards an Authoritarian regime (Battera, 2004)[6]. Furthermore, corruption was rampant during Barre regimes around this time due to an increase of foreign aid and military assistance with Italy and other gulf countries (Battera, 2004)[7]. Thus, the balance between the center and periphery was overwhelming favoured towards center thanks to neopatrimonialism. Eventually, legitimacy was lost and that is when Barre turned towards any who could potentially rise against him. Barre prefered target were Somalis who were once apart of the British colony who at this time tried to achieve autonomy. In response Barre to this during the civil war in the lat e 1980s Siad Barre indiscriminately bombed the civilian population in Hargeisa and Burco (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[8]. It was during this time that Somaliland decided to become independent as as result of Somalia being an authoritarian state, rather than a democracy which was originally agreed upon during unification. This paper shall attempt to answer the question as to why Somaliland although unrecognized internationally is a successful state. First I will discuss the lack of International recognition , which has increased state nationality and increased domestic legitimacy. Second, the implementation of a Hybrid political system true to pre-colonial roots has strengthened the de-facto state. Finally, Somaliland has demonstrated successful and peaceful turnovers of power. LACK OF INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION A successful state is one where the acting government demonstrates control of the periphery, the center, financially able to provide basic institutions and strong legitimate authority. Arguably international recognition is also a factor of a successful state, yet despite this Somaliland has managed well without it. Lack of international recognition has increased state nationality in Somaliland. Somaliland as it stands is not formerly recognized as a legitimate state among the international community. However, this does not mean that Somaliland is not a state in perhaps the truest sense of the word. It appears that although Somaliland lacks international recognition it has an abundance of internal recognition. Internal recognition in Somaliland has translated to legitimacy, thus in the eyes of the Somaliland people the de-facto state is legitimate. Ironically a failed state such as Somalia has the international recognition as well as international representation, such as a seat in the UN. However, despite international approval, among Somalis the state does not have legitimacy. Insofar, the governments power simply extends to that of Mogadishu, yet even within the capital power is relative.According to Lipset legitimacy involves the capacity of a system to maintain and engender existing political institutions most efficient to ones society (Lipset, 1960)[9]. In the Failed state Index which measures; corruption, government effectiveness, political participation, level of democracy, illicit economy and protest. Somalia is considered to be the worlds most failed state with a 9.5 out of 10 score (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[10].Furthermore, based on the Freedom House world index that ranks countries based on liberties and political rights. This scale considers 7 as the lowest and 1 the highest, here Somaliland has ranked 4.5 , while Somalia is a 7 (Pegg, Kolstà ¸ 2015)[11]. Thus, it can be observed that in terms of political rights and perhaps even liberties Somalilan d has proven to be more successful.Nonetheless, it should be noted that data conducted in Somalia is relatively difficult and may not necessarily be all inclusive. Thus, legitimacy and state success is not solely based upon international recognition. According to Holsti, vertical and horizontal legitimacy are the defining characteristic that determine a states ability to be recognized domestically and internationally. Vertical legitimacy is based on performance, The state has to earn and maintain its right to rule through the provision of services, including security, law and order (Holsti, 1996)[12]. While Horizontal legitimacy defines the limits and criteria for membership in the political community. Thus, if different subgroups within a community accept and tolerate each other then there is high Horizontal legitimacy. In addition the lack of international financing forces the state to abide by vertical legitimacy. Therefore, internal legitimacy is the notion where members within a polity are confident in their government and institution to provide basic needs. In the case of Somaliland formally considered a de-facto state is legitimate in all ways but internationally. Through the creation of its own military, navy, provision o f basic health care and representation of clans. Traditional Ghuurti are used in Somaliland to settle disputes among clans and/or subclans as well as to achieve cohesion. However, this does not imply that disputes were all non violent there have been instances where conflict ensued due to resources (harbors, airports). The lack of international recognition in Somaliland has proven to build the state at a bottom up level. By comparing Somaliland to Somalia we are able to identify that no international intervention has proven to be pivotal to Somalilands success. There were two large foreign troop interventions in Somalia, in addition to regional and international conferences. Yet none of these conference has lead to stability or at the very least control of more than a small fraction of Somalia (Pegg, Kolstà ¸,2015)[13]. According to Pegg and Kolsà ¸ the responsibility of Somalia was taken from the Somali people, which resulted in failed interventions (2015)[14]. Furthermore, overall intervention of the international community to the Somali people has done more harm than good. According to Hammond(2013)[15], Trust between Somalis and international actors has never been particularly strong, but in recent years has weakened to the point where international political engagement has come to be seen b y many Somalis as a liability. In addition, Menkhaus (2012)[16] states Somalis want an end to warlordism and jihadism, but they also want an end to foreign domination.. Yet peacebuilding in Somaliland is for the most part been in the hands of the people because they do not have the ability to request international aid. Thus, If the Somalilanders did not achieve peace among themselves, nobody would do it for them (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[17].This notion of self-reliance has fueled nationality within the de-facto state ultimately solidifying internal legitimacy. Somaliland has been forced to rely upon themselves and this has only strengthened there persistence of independence and stability. In Somaliland, the lack of external intervention is often seen as a strength. Former foreign minister Abdillahi Duale (personal interview) believes that any major international engagement would have undermined self-reliance and the slow growth of local institutions for maintaining peace (Pegg, Kol stà ¸,2015)[18]. Similarly, former minister of finance Muhamad Hashi Elmi We had no five-star hotels, but had our meeting in the shade of a tree. The lack of attention from the international community has been a blessing. We did not realize that at the time, but now we realize it. (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[19]. At this point in time Somaliland has two strong arguments for independence the first being its substantial support and legitimacy within the state. Secondly, its previous status of once being a former British colony prior to the unification of Somalia. According to the notion of utis possidetis former territorial lines are keep with its possessor. HYBRID POLITICS: A COMBINATION OF COLONIAL AND PRECOLONIAL POLITICS A unique aspect of Somaliland is its Hybrid political system, a joining of pre-colonial and postcolonial politics. The addition of pre-colonial politics has made Somaliland an interesting case in East Africa. The implementation of a pastoral democracy relies upon the use of traditional clan elders to mediate and negotiate politics. Fused with modern democracy where power is divide by different branches of government. For example a permanent Guurti was made for the upper house of the parliament where clans would appoint elders to represent each clan (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[20]. In the beginning the lower house of parliament and the government were clan based, to change this a quota of clan representative was made to determine the MPS and ministers. Yet, it was understood that this system made smaller clans overrepresented. This overrepresentation was enacted so that smaller clans did not fear the dominance of the Issaq clan in government. Nonetheless, a restraint was enacted by a nat ional referendum in 2001 where a competitive party system was chosen for the lower house rather than clan-based (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[21]. In essence Somaliland fell back on the time-honored consensus-based reconciliation mechanisms of the beele, in which the clan elders deliberate extensively among themselves until mutually acceptable solutions are found ( Pegg, Kolstà ¸.2015)[22].According to Pegg and Kolstà ¸ The party system in Somaliland is somewhat idiosyncratic, as only three parties which demonstrate support in each of Somalilands six regions are allowed to register for national elections in accordance with Article 9 of Somalilands Constitution (2015)[23]. The limitation was enacted to prevent fragmentation among clans (Pegg, Kolstà ¸.2015)[24]. Rather than to dissuade clan and kinship practices which will fuel animosity among the polis. This new approach to accommodate political and social norms pre-existing in that region has proven to further legitimize the Somal iland de-facto state. Democracy is often championed, hailed as a solution to social and political issues because it removes clanism and other antiquated political institutions. Although, clannism did not function as an effective political institution in pre-colonial times it can succeed with the inclusion of democracy. Societies such as Somaliland and Somalia clans of kinship are a pivotal aspect of social life, and will not be changed any time in the near future.Thus, rather than attempt to abolish it or degrade it ( such as the case of the Barre regime) accommodating it will prove to be much more effective. These relations of kinship are closely tied to ones identity and self perception, the removal of it will be seen as an attack on ones persons. However, that being said it is also important to take into consideration of the opposite spectrum. According to Hoehne many members of the House have become urbanized and somewhat disconnected from their largely rural constituencies, eroding the traditional pr inciple of collective and consultative decision making. In addition Hoehne states (2013)[25]The outcome of these developments is a crippled hybrid in which neither state nor traditional institutions function really well. and , their claim to legitimate traditional authority became hollow(2013)[26]. Although theoretically, choosing a representative will inevitably result in the distancing of said leader from those of which he represent.This does not take away the merit of recognizing clannism in Somaliland that to individuals is important both socially and politically. Furthermore, The clan element in the hybrid system of government has secured strong support for the regime, particularly in rural, conservative areas, but from the perspective of liberal democracy it is defective. Not only is the principle of one person-one vote violated, but under this system women and minorities from outside the traditional clans have no political influence whatsoever (Renders, 2012)[27] Nonetheless, despite this it was the implementation of clanism that brought Somaliland together. Thus without the state accommodating clans the de-facto state would prove to be useless and would not have lasted as long as it has. Although, international assistance was limited it was the very lack of intervention that allowed the Hybrid system in Somaliland to exist. It is doubtful a western international organizations would approve such antiquated politics, and would have pressured them to change. SUCCESSFUL TURNOVERS OF POWER Somaliland has demonstrate the ability to have successful and peaceful turnovers of power a number of times. The newly reformed de-facto state had the tasks of building a tax base as a result of no international support. Conflict management was paramount during this time of the states delicate position. Initially, the de-facto state was not as representative as it had led others to believes. It lacked the financial ability to maintain authority. However, despite this Somaliland made attempts to secure the the Berbera port. Although the port was under the control of a unrepresented clan within the government which expressed displeasure with the de-facto state. Yet, Edbank notes, In part due to internal divisions, and in part due to a lack of resources, the SNM was never able to project authority beyond the territories of the Isaaq clans that made up its core membership. It quickly became apparent that the SNM had only been held together by a common distaste for the military regime in Mogadishu. With the war over, financing from the diaspora which had helped support the SNM during the civil war dried up, and the group succumbed to internal divisions (Eubank, 2011)[28]. At this time many within government and the polis in general were of the belief that the Presidents clan Habar Yonis were manipulating power in their favor. This challenge towards the de-facto state was similar to the issue that ultimately lead to the collapse of Somalia. Favoritism due to clan ties was predominate at this time and often used as a way to consolidate power (Eubank, 2011[29]). The SNM was an established group created after the Somali civil war in hopes of solidity stability in Somaliland. The clan then ended its relations with the SNM administration in favour of opposing the governments manipulation of power. This was the case of the Berbera port controlled by the Isaaq clan known as the Habar Jelo, considered to be a rival of the presidents clan. In 1992 the government killed over 300 people in the town of Burco due to attempts to control weapons in the town(Eubank, 2011).[30] Consequently an armed conflict erupted between the two groups. Eubank emphasis this point Th e port of Berbera was at that time controlled by an Isaaq clan which was not well represented within SNM government, the Ilse Muse ( Eubank, 2011)[31]. After numerous national peace conferences the government was able to collect taxes from the port and managed to receive direct financing from the private sector to create a new currency(Eubank, 2011)[32]. Yet, the government had to ensure a set of national institutions that included a larger support, internal checks, balances, and a bicameral legislative branch. Thus, the new government was able to gain the support of both the private sector as well as the local clans (Eubank, 2011)[33].The conferences resulted in a more inclusive representation in government along with a reestablished National Charter. The Parliament now included 150 clan elder, as well as a new vice president and president(Eubank, 2011)[34]. Furthermore, the new president whose paternal lineage came from the Ilse Muse clan which had controlled the port of Berbera and whose maternal lineage came from the Habar Yonis clan which had previously been represented by the presidency. This encouraged public optimism that [the new president] could unite the Isaaq (Eubank, 2011)[35]. Furthermore, the private sector strongly supported a violent-free Berbera airport. The Berbera port provided the government with a source of income which by September 1995 was estimated to be between US$10-15 million per year (Bradbury, 2008)[36]. The second test Somaliland faced was the newly established National charter that was not embraced by the former presidents clan Habar Yonis. This disagreement was a result of the clan disatifaction regarding the new central authority and representation ratios (Eubank, 2011)[37]. Yet compromises were made due to pressure from the civil society and financial strain (Eubank, 2011)[38]. Furthermore, In 1995, a group of Somalilanders living abroad organised the Peace Committee for Somaliland and began pushing for a peaceful resolut ion (Eubank, 2011)[39]. This resulted in a new constitution being enacted for a more inclusive allocation of seats by increasing the seats for Habr Yonis ending the conflict (Eubank, 2011)[40]. At a national level, much of this revenue comes from customs collected at major trading centres like the Berbera port and Hargeysa airport. But local governments also depend upon local financing throughout the country. Under Somalilands system of decentralisation another measure established at the Boorame Conference in 1993 to ensure local governments were accountability to local populations, and not financially accountable to a potentially predatory national government Somalilands district councils continue to raise their own revenues to supplement disbursements from the central government by taxing local resources, with land, animal slaughter and business tax providing the main revenue streams'(Bradbury, 2008)[41]. The Boorame Conference ensured that government accountability at the national and local level be meet to satisfy civil society. Based on these two cases in the history of Somaliland there is evidence of its ability to relatively sustains its political stability. In order to secure power it comes as little to no surprise that the de-facto state was forced to use violent means. However, the during and after of the violence proved to be detrimental to the state itself. The loss of resources and finances due to these conflicts ultimately hastened the de facto-state to compromise. It could be said that perhaps if Somaliland did receive Foreign aid it would be much less inclined to listen to grievances or compromise its position. Thus, the disregard from the international community in Somaliland has in this instance been beneficial. Somaliland is unable to receive aid or any financial backing from other states of organizations. In addition the de facto state must rely upon tax revenue as a source of income. Forcing it to rely upon its own people and bureaucracy for financial and political stability. Evidently, prolonged conflict will only serve to impedide the states ability to secure power and the displeasure from civil society. Ultimately, this forces Somaliland to not be a predatory state and turn upon the very people they rule, because they must rely upon them to consolidate power and wealth. This creates a binary relationship that are interdependent on each other to succeed. Furthermore, the Somali political culture which by nature encourages discussion and debate among leaders fuelled peaceful talk. Conferences were financed and supported by diaspora and civil society within Somaliland. This demonstrated that the decisions of state is in the hands of Somalilanders. Simultaneously strengthening public nationality as well as consolidating legitimacy. In Conclusion, Somaliland has demonstrated its ability to be a successful state. Not only does its civil society believe it to be legitimate it also represents previously ignored clans. Somaliland claim to be a recognized as a state drives from the notion of utis possidetis. Ultimately, the lack of international recognition increased internal legitimacy and power. This allowed a bottom up approach towards the rebuilding of the former British protectorate. Furthermore, this increased the notion of horizontal and vertical legitimacy within Somaliland. Since the responsibility of the polis rest solely upon the state resulting in a binary relationship of interdependence. Thus making the possibility of a predatory state unlikely. In addition, the Hybrid pastoral democracy system that Somaliland has chosen to use to accommodate clanism has demonstrated a new form of democracy. This archiac notion of democracy would not have been accepted if international organizations were involved. Rather , the acknowledgment of Somalilands clan based society perpetuated stability. Unlike the Somalia Barre regime who claimed to rebuke clanism, yet maintained ties of kinship to consolidate power. Ignoring the very a nature of the society will prove to only hinder stability. Finally, Somaliland has been able to overcome issues of representation such as the case of IIse Muse representation and the Berbera port conflict. The de-facto state faced claims where the president was believed to favor his own clan Habar Yonis by consolidating power and parliamentary seats to them. However, they overcame this issue due to pressure of civil society and financial losses. Forcing the two groups to concede, thereby allowing a new parliamentary system to be enacted to ensure fair representation. Making the next president have clan ties to both groups from their paternal and maternal line. Then the second conflict was due to Habar Yonis displeasure with the new National Charter. This issues was resolve d by allocating more seats to this clan thus ending the conflict. Somaliland is where the colonial and postcolonial history has lead to their strong patriotism and drive to succeed as a state regardless of international acceptance. This paper only analyzes the theoretical notion of success and legitimate sentiments across Somaliland.However, it does not discuss the economic stability within Somaliland in depth due to a lack of research conducted in this area. Further studies could include if Somaliland has the economic ability to compete in a global market sustainably as a sovereign state. Works cited Battera, F. (2004). State- democracy-building in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Somaliland A comparative perspective. Global Jurist Frontiers, 4(1), 1-23. Eubank, N. (2012). Taxation, Political Accountability and Foreign Aid: Lessons from Somaliland. Journal of Development Studies,48(4), 465-480 Hammond, L., 2013. Somalia rising: things are starting to change for the worlds longest failed state. J. Eastern Afr. Stud. 7 (1), 183-193. Hoehne, M.V., 2013. Limits of hybrid political order: the case of Somaliland. J. Eastern Afr. Stud. 7 (2), 199-217 Holsti, K.J., 1996. The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Kibble, S. (2001). Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? International Relations, 15(5), 5-25. Lewis, I. (n.d.). Understanding Somalia and Somaliland : Culture, history, society. New York: Columbia University. Menkhaus, K., 2012. The Somali Spring. ForeignPolicy.com blog, September 24 Pegg, Kolstà ¸. (2015). Somaliland: Dynamics of internal legitimacy and (lack of) external sovereignty. Geoforum, 66, 193-202. Renders, M., 2012. Consider Somaliland: State-building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions. Brill, Leiden Richards, R. (2015). Bringing the outside in: Somaliland, statebuilding and dual hybridity. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 9(1), 4-25. Tripodi, P. (n.d.). The colonial legacy in Somalia Rome and Mogadishu : From colonial administration to Operation Restore Hope. Basingstoke: Macmillan. [1] Steve Kibble,Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? ( International Relations 2001), 12 [2] Steve Kibble,Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? ( International Relations 2001), 13 [3] Steve Kibble,Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? ( International Relations 2001), 13 [4] Steve Kibble,Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? ( International Relations 2001), 15 [5] Steve Kibble,Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? ( International Relations 2001), 17 [6] Battera, F. State- democracy-building in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Somaliland A comparative perspective. (Global Jurist Frontiers 2004),3. [7] Battera, F. State- democracy-building in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Somaliland A comparative perspective. (Global Jurist Frontiers 2004),3. [8] Pegg, Kolstà ¸. Somaliland: Dynamics of internal legitimacy and

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Genetic Engineering: The Tremendous Benefits Outweigh the Risks Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wouldn't it be great to improve health care, improve agriculture, and improve our quality of life? Genetic engineering is already accomplishing those things, and has the potential to accomplish much more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Genetic engineering, also referred to as biotechnology, is a fairly new science where the genes of an organism are modified to change the features of an organism or group of organisms. Genes are found in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of an organism, and each gene controls a specific trait of an organism. Scientists have discovered what many of these genes control, both in plants and animals. Scientists then can modify these genes to benefit the organism. For example, if a person has a gene that codes for a certain disease, scientists can insert healthy copies of that gene to heal the patient. Genetic engineering is the hottest new field in medical research (Elmer-Dewitt). Although there have been some questions about whether genetic engineering is ethical or safe, there are too many benefits to ignore it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of the many uses of genetic engineering, agricultural use is one of the most beneficial. Scientists can modify plants to grow in adverse environments, places where there are often droughts and floods. Researchers are working on plants that can survive frost ("Advocates . . ."). Other plants are being genetically altered to fight certain diseases. A good example of this is the tomato. If a tomato is given a fungal-fighting microbe, it can resist the gray mold called botrytis (Dyson).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biotechnology is also making plants more nutritious by increasing protein and vitamin content. Animals are even genetically engineered to produce meats that contain less fat. Scientists are even working to take t... ... and Leone, Bruno, series editors. San Diego: Greenhaven press, 1996. Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. "The Genetic Revolution" Time. January 17, 1994. pp. 46-53   "Food Biotechnology: Federal Regulations and Labeling." [On-Line]. Available: http://ificinfo.health.org/brochure/bioregs.htm "Genetic Engineering." The 1998 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Inc. 1997. "Genetic Engineering." The New Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia. Volume 8. Connecticut: H.S. Stuttman, Inc. 1989. p. 1104. Loveard, Keith and Tet Sieu, Choong, "Magic Genes." [On-Line]. Available: http://www.pathfinder.com/asiaweek/97/0905/cs1.html The Economist, from the editors. "Genetic Research Will Improve the Quality of Health Care" in Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints, Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, series editors. San Diego: Greenhaven press, 1996.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Harlem Renaissance :: essays research papers

When you think of Harlem the Harlem Renaissance, What is the first word that comes to mind? Harlem Renaissance was the great movement of the black race from the deep rural south to the urban Harlem city during the 1920s to 1930s. It was the time of the black Americans to show and reflect their talents throughout society. It was the time to prove something to the world. The time of emancipation, the time of dignity, the time of passion, the time of the art, the time of the music, etc. Do we really know why these people have migrated? What caused them to migrate? These are some of the questions that filled in my mind when I think of the Harlem Renaissance. Where did these great talented people came from? What motivated them into becoming and showing to the world that they are somebody? Looking back through the years and years of poverty, bad condition, unequal living, and having no right to be able to have their own voice in a white dominated society, these were just the bits of images that African Americans or should I say "blacks" because either way, even if you were black from Jamaica or from some other places, the white majority still considered you as "niggers". A race that is inferior and has no way into revolting against the domination of whites. There were a lot of regulations and restrictions that blacks faced during the time of slavery. Being considered a property is one of the hardship that they went through. They were basically treated like animals with no saying. They were sold here and there. There were also times that a person would get separated from their family. That person will never again see their family! The blacks were considered second class citizens. Although there were many obstacles that they encountered during their time period, they were able to escape that adversity. The main reason why people were able to escape that adversity was because they were willing to do anything, anything that would improve their life condition in the South. "The wash and rush of this human tide on the beach line of the northern city centers is to be explained primarily in terms of a new vision of opportunity, of social and economic freedom, of a spirit to seize, even in the face of an extortionate and heavy toll, a chance for the improvement of conditions.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Effects OF Watching Too Much Television Essay

Watching television is an experience shared by most adults and children. But the problem is that watching television for long periods of time has many bad effects. The purpose of this essay is to persuade the reader that people shouldn’t watch too much television. The first reason why people shouldn’t watch television for long periods of time is that it makes people waste time that could be used in more beneficial activities. This wasted time could be used to make useful activities like exercising, interacting with friends and family, and reading. The second reason is that the content of many television programs is not educational. Movies and series nowadays have lots of violence, sex, and drugs scenes. This tendency has very dangerous impact on children because they grow up with the idea of a world where problems can only be solved with money and violence and where wars are inevitable. The third reason is that watching television increases the audience desire in eating which causes obesity. Because they always sit in front of the screen and they forget to do physical exercises. After the invention of television on 1923, it is found that the rate of obesity, heart attacks, and eyesight problems is increasing. According to a new study, watching television too much increases the risk of dying at an earlier age, especially from heart disease. This research says that every hour you spend in front of the television increases the risk of dying from heart disease by 18 percent and increases the overall risk of death by 11 percent. However this doesn’t mean that we should ban television, but if we are going to watch it, we should do it with moderation.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Test the heart rate of a number of pupils while they were taking part in a `stepping activity`

Aims: To arrange pupils who took part in the exercise in order of fitness level. I will look at who is the fittest and see why, and also see if there are different fitness levels between girls and boys within the group. Method: The information that I have been given is that eight pupils, four of each sex took part in a stepping activity, their height and weight were recorded, the heart rate of all pupils before the activity, the heart rate of all pupils at regular intervals during the activity and the heart rate of all pupils 10 and 20 minutes after the activity. The way in which the pupils who carried out the investigation took the measure of heart rate was in the following way; each pupil in turn was connected to a BBC heart rate monitor and then asked to step up and down for ten minutes. Their heart rate was taken every 2 minutes. The pupils were then asked to rest. Their heart rate was taken again 10 and 20 minutes after the exercise had been completed. Background Information: There are many measures of fitness. For example the volume of blood, this is very important. The red blood cells contain the haemoglobin that reacts with oxygen. There are about 5.5 million red blood cells in each cubic cm of blood in a healthy adult. So the larger the volume of blood, the more oxygen is transported in a minute. So it is vital to have the requested amount of blood as that oxygenated blood which contains the oxyhaemoglobin, is that one that transports the oxygen to the cells, in this case the muscles exerting the force will be in most need to oxygen. Another thing that will affect the efficiency of the pupils in the exercise is how big the lungs are. If the lungs were big, they would have a large volume of air because the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles are larger and therefore create a larger volume when they contract; this is advantageous since they supply the increasing amount of oxygen to the blood passing through. When a person exercises, the level of carbon dioxide in blood increases and this is toxic. This increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood is detected by the chemoreceptors, which send messages to the medulla oblongata, which in turn sends messages via the nerve fibers to the intercostals muscles, and diaphragm making them allow larger volumes of air in and because of that breathing rate increases. So the bigger the lungs, the more carbon dioxide they can take out from the carboxyhaemoglobin as they inhale. Until this point its all aerobic respiration but when it gets to the point when the heart can't cope with the increasing demand for oxygen, the muscles will not get enough oxygen to react with glucose to create the energy to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is then used as an `energy currency` to `pay` for these changes in a cell which require energy, the cells start to break down what it can from the glucose to create little energy without the presence of oxygen, this is called anaerobic respiration as it doesn't need oxygen and doesn't produce carbon dioxide and water but instead Lactic acid. So no matter how fast you breathe or how fast your heartbeats, your body cannot obtain enough oxygen from aerobic respiration to supply all its energy needs. So although your muscles will get the energy they need, this lactic acid will start to collect in the muscles, which changes the blood pH, which also makes your muscles ache. So at the end of the exercise, the heart would have reached its limit in some pupils. The limit is when the heart is pumping as fast as it can and all the oxygen in the arterioles is taken and most of carbon dioxide is given to the venules. Within a minute, there will be too much of this acid that your muscles stop working altogether. So build up of lactic acid affects performance. You then will be breathing deeply after the exercise to repay the oxygen debt, which is the amount of oxygen needed to get rid of the acid. The heart is a muscular organ, so the cardiac tissue develops more strength with increased use so therefore when someone exercises that will make the heart more efficient and increases its size. So when the muscle develops the heart will pump more blood in each beat. This means that the heart can beat less frequently and still pump the same amount of blood. So the stronger the heart the fitter the person is. Now I am going to represent the information that I have been given in a series of graphs and charts so that I can analyze them and evaluate the procedure. Analysis: Graph number 1 shows the heart rate of all the pupils before, during and after the activity. A resting pulse is the pulse that you have when you are relaxing and not doing any exercise and doing your normal body functions. So when you compare the resting pulse of the pupils you notice a difference, this is because some pupils have stronger hearts. So low heart rate indicates strong cardiac muscles, which may be inferred that person is physically fit. Graph number 3 shows that the boy's average heart rate is higher than the girls; therefore I can assume that the heart muscle of the girls is stronger within this sample. During the exercise phase all the pupils' heart rate goes up because there is a greater demand for energy, which is met when the heart supplies blood carrying oxygen and glucose necessary for respiration. Due to the strengths of the hearts, some of the pupils are only able to sustain the effort for only a short period of time and others for longer. The heart rate goes down after the pupils stop exercising because there is a less demand for oxygen in the muscles, and so the heart is able to cope with that easily and therefore it doesn't need to beat as frequent. You do realize that at the 10th minute the exercise is over, after the 10th minute, the graph shows the recovery time of all pupils. The recovery time is the time a pupil takes to recover from the end of the exercise to return back to the resting pulse. I have drawn a separate graph for the recovery time, as this time is an important sign of fitness. The shorter the time the fitter the person is because the person hasn't got much of oxygen to pay back to get rid of the lactic acid. This shows that hisher heart copes well with the increasing demand for oxygen. From graph number 2 you can see that Anne and Daljit have the shortest recovery time, which is also identical i.e. 20 minutes, the longest recovery time is Jane's which was 30 minutes long. So she took a while to repay the oxygen debt, her heart is not strong as the others, because it needed to keep pumping frequently to get the required amount of oxygen to where its wanted. Also the bar chart shows that the boy's recovery time is slightly higher than the girls' recovery time. The boys have an average of 19.5 and the girls have an average of 21.5. These averages are not accurate because we have not been given accurate information, as the pupils who took these measures, didn't take them at narrow time intervals. So looking at these averages in addition graph number 3 showing pulse rate of boys verses girls which tells us that girls in this group have stronger cardiac muscles than boys for this sample. Summary: I conclude that Anne is the fittest pupil for a number of reasons. Anne has the lowest resting pulse and during the exercise her pulse rate stays the lowest, which means that she has got strong cardiac muscles, she has a very fast recovery time, which shows she is fit, and she is also physically fit because she has strong leg muscles. For the same reasons I will place the others in order of fitness level being the fittest at the top: 1. Anne 2. Daljit 3. Rhona 4. Marj 5. Jane 6. Sean 7. Aaron 8. Stan Evaluation: I am going to evaluate the experiment in the following way: the aim of the experiment is to find out who is the fittest and if there was any difference in fitness levels between boys and girls, but this experiment only experiments the stamina, and fitness involves all the S-factors which are strength, speed, stamina and suppleness. So they must cover the other three aspects. For strength they could have done some press ups. For speed they could have done a race. For suppleness they could have told the pupils to stretch themselves as much as they can. They also could have taken the pulse of the pupils at intervals of 2 all the way through the exercise till the pulse returns to the resting pulse instead of taking the pulse at intervals of 10 after the tenth minute. This way it would be easier to work the recovery time and the time would be more accurate. Also the sample size was not enough to support any conclusion that any sex is fitter than the other, therefore I would use a sample of at least 30 pupils of each sex. They should have got some more background information about the pupils and their health status. They could have done the exercise twice so the results are more reliable. The pulses taken were accurate because they connected the pupils to a BBC heart rate monitor. While some of the pulse rates appear to be anomalous, we can be sure of their accuracy due to the way they were recorded. Our interpretation of these is skewed as we have only 2 other data points to consider. These are discrete measurements determined by a wide range of continuous variables. On basing our conclusions upon these points we have to remember the underlying determining variation and that these factors have an influence on pulse rate.